KEBUTUHAN DASAR MANUSIA
MANUSIA
The nurse’s view of human beings influences
the focus of nursing intervention. Although most nurses agree that humans are
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL being, they differ in how they view human beings as recipients
of nursing services. Nursing theorists have developed these viewpoints from
systems, adaptation, and interactive theories.
Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia
Merupakan unsur-unsur yang dibutuhkan
oleh manusia dalam mempertahankan keseimbangan fisiologis maupun psikologis,
yang bertujuan untuk mempertahankan kehidupan dan kesehatan.
Ciri KDM heterogen, karena manusia
bersifat unik. Namun pada dasarnya manusia memiliki KDM yg sama. Akan tetapi
karena perbedaan budaya , maka kebutuhan tersebut pun ikut berbeda. Dalam
rangka memenuhi kebutuhannya manusia berpikir dan bergerak “keras bahkan
semakin keras” untuk berusaha mendapatkannya.
—
Maslow’s Pyramid
1. Kebutuhan fisiologis
merupakan kebutuhan paling dasar, yaitu kebutuhan fisiologis
seperti oksigen, cairan (minuman), nutrisi (makanan), keseimbangan suhu tubuh,
eliminasi, tempat tinggal, istirahat tidur, serta kebutuhan seksual(kebutuhan
emosi, sosial, spiritual) .
Physiological Needs
These are biological needs. They consist of needs for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological ones would come first in the person's search for satisfaction.
2. Kebutuhan rasa aman dan perlindungan (kebutuhan keselamatan dan rasa aman), baik fisik maupun psikologis.
Physiological Needs
These are biological needs. They consist of needs for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological ones would come first in the person's search for satisfaction.
2. Kebutuhan rasa aman dan perlindungan (kebutuhan keselamatan dan rasa aman), baik fisik maupun psikologis.
- Fisik : terhadap ancaman penyakit, kecelakaan, bahaya dari lingkungan,dsb.
- Perlindungan psikologis : perlindungan atas ancaman dari pengalaman yang baru dan asing. Ex. Kekhawatiran yang dialami seseorang ketika baru datang di OSPEK, karena merasa terancam oleh keharusan untuk berinteraksidengan orang lain,dsb.
Safety Needs
When all physiological needs
are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviors, the needs
for security can become active. Adults have little awareness of their security
needs except in times of emergency or periods of disorganization in the social
structure (such as widespread rioting). Children often display the signs of
insecurity and the need to be safe.
3. RASA CINTA, DIMILIKI &
MEMILIKI
Memberi dan menerima kasih sayang, mendapatkan
kehangatan keluarga, memiliki sahabat, diterima oleh kelompok sosial,dsb.
Needs of Love,
Affection and Belongingness
When the needs for safety
and for physiological well-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for
love, affection and belongingness can emerge. Maslow states that people seek to
overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. This involves both giving and
receiving love, affection and the sense of belonging.
4. HARGA DIRI
Perasaan
dihargai oleh orang lain.
Kebutuhan ini terkait dengan kebutuhan dari manusia
untuk mendapat kekuatan, meraih prestasi, rasa percaya diri, kemerdekaan diri.
Sehingga seseorang memerlukan pengakuan dari orang lain.
Needs
for Esteem
When the
first three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become
dominant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person
gets from others. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of
self-respect, and respect from others. When these needs are satisfied, the
person feels self-confident and valuable as a person in the world. When these
needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless.
5. AKTUALISASI DIRI
Kebutuhan tertinggi dalam hierarki Maslow, berupa
kebutuhan berkontribusi pada orang lain/lingkungan serta mencapai potensi diri
sepenuhnya.
Aktualisasi diri manusia dapat tercapai pada saat diri
manusia mendapatkan keseimbangan antara kebutuhan, tekanan, dan kemampuan
beradaptasi terhadap perubahan tubuh dan lingkungan.
Needs for Self-Actualization
When all of the foregoing needs are
satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated.
Maslow describes self-actualization as a person's need to be and do that which
the person was "born to do." "A musician must make music, an
artist must paint, and a poet must write." These needs make themselves
felt in signs of restlessness. The person feels on edge, tense, lacking
something, in short, restless. If a person is hungry, unsafe, not loved or
accepted, or lacking self-esteem, it is very easy to know what the person is
restless about. It is not always clear what a person wants when there is a need
for self-actualization.
FAKTOR YANG
MEMPENGARUHI PRIORITAS KEBUTUHAN
- Fisiologis
- Lingkungan
- Nilai
- Etika
- Budaya
The PERSON as a SYSTEM
The human being is an
open system in constant interaction with a changing environment.
In other word, the
individual engages in a dynamic interchange with the environment, and this
interchange in an essential factor of the system’s viability, reproductive
ability to change.
Human = Open system = BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL being (biologic, psychologic,
social, spiritual components)
The person as a SYSTEM
The biologic system :
neurology, musculoskeletal, respiratory,
circulatory, gastrointestinal.
The psychologic and
social system :
thinking, feeling, interaction pattern.
INTERACTION SYSTEM
According to King : The primary concern of
nursing are human behaviour, social interaction, social movements.
3 dynamic interaction
system in her concept of persons :
- Individuals (personal systems)
- Groups ( interpersonal systems)
- Society (social systems)
The Person as an
Adaptive System
Adaptation is a
process of change allowing the individual to respond the environmental changes
yet retain personal integrity or wholeness.
Environmental : all
the conditions, circumstances, and influences surrounding and affecting the
development of an organism or group of organisms.
Adaptive behaviour is
the behaviour of the whole person.
Manusia sebagai
Makhluk HOLISTIK
In HOLISTIC theory,
all living organism are seen as interacting, unified wholes that are more than
the mere sums of their parts. Viewed in this light, any disturbance in one part
is a disturbance of the whole system; in other words, the disturbance affects
the whole being.
Manusia sebagai
Makhluk Holistik
For example :
a nurse helps a man who is recuperating
from a heart attack to consider his life-style and other contributing factors
so that he can improve his health in the future.
The nurse asks the
client why thinks he thinks the attack happened, what stresses he feels in his
life, whether he smokes, what his eating habits are, and how much exercise he
normally gets. Using the holistic approach, the nurse considers all
contributing factors so that the clients can prevent as occurrence.
Konsorsium Ilmu
Kesehatan, 1992
Manusia dapat
bertindak sebagai klien, dimana ia merupakan makhluk biopsikososial dan
spiritual.
Manusia merupakan
kesatuan dari aspek jasmani dan rohani yang memiliki sifat unik dengan
kebutuhan yang berbeda-beda, sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangan masing-masing.
Manusia dapat bersifat
:
a. Individu
b. Kelompok
c. Masyarakat
Suatu sistem:
a. Sistem terbuka
b. Sistem adaptif
c. Sistem Personal Makhluk HOLISTIK (utuh)
d. Interpersonal
e. Social
Referensi :
Alimul, Aziz. 2006.
Pengantar Kebutuhan Dasar Manusia : Aplikasi Konsep dan Proses Keperawatan. Jakarta : Penerbit Salemba
Medika.
Kozier, B. 1997. Fundamental
of Nursing : Concept and Procedure. California
: Anderson Wesley Publishing Co.
Potter, Patricia A.
2005.Fundamental of nursing : concepts, process, and practice. Jakarta : EGC.
